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(詳細はslavery.〔Ira Berlin, ''Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America,'' Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998, pp. 7–13〕 Throughout his life, Jefferson owned hundreds of African-American slaves acquired by inheritance, marriage, births of slaves, and trade.〔Howe (1997), ''Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln'', p. 74〕〔William Cohen, "Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery," ''Journal of American History'' 56, no. 3 (1969): 503–526, p. 510〕 Starting in 1767 at the age of twenty-one, Jefferson inherited 5,000 acres of land and fifty-two slaves by his father's will. In 1768 Jefferson began construction of his Monticello plantation. Through his marriage to Martha Wayles in 1772 and his father-in-law John Wayles inheritance in 1773 Jefferson inherited two plantations and 135 slaves. By 1776 Jefferson was one of the largest planters in Virginia. However, the value of his property (land and slaves) was increasingly offset by his growing debts, which made it very difficult to free his slaves and thereby lose them as assets.〔Sloan offset (1995), ''Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt'', p. 14〕 In his writings on American grievances justifying the Revolution, he attacked the British for sponsoring the slave trade to the colonies. In 1778, with Jefferson's leadership, slave importation was banned in Virginia. It was one of the first jurisdictions in the world to ban the slave trade. Jefferson was a lifelong advocate of ending the trade and as President led the effort to criminalize the international slave trade that passed Congress and he signed on March 2, 1807; it took effect in 1808. Britain had previously and independently made the same move on March 25, 1807. In 1779, as a practical solution to end slavery Jefferson supported gradual emancipation, training, and colonization of African-American slaves rather than unconditional manumission, believing that releasing unprepared slaves with no place to go and no means to support themselves would only bring them misfortune. In 1784 Jefferson proposed federal legislation banning slavery in the New Territories of the North and South after 1800, which failed to pass Congress by one vote.〔William Merkel, "Jefferson's Failed Anti-Slavery Proviso of 1784 and the Nascence of Free Soil Constitutionalism," ''Seton Hall Law Review, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2008 ''〕 In his ''Notes on the State of Virginia'', published in 1785, Jefferson expressed the beliefs that slavery corrupted both masters and slaves alike, supported colonization of freed slaves, suspected that African-Americans were inferior in intelligence, and that emancipating large numbers of slaves made slave uprisings more likely.〔Joyce Oldham Appleby and Arthur Meier Schlesinger, ''Thomas Jefferson,'' pp. 77–78, 2003〕 In 1794 and 1796 Jefferson manumitted by deed two of his male slaves; they had been trained and were qualified to hold employment. Most historians now generally accept that after the death of his wife Martha, Jefferson had a long-term relationship with her half-sister, Sally Hemings, a slave at Monticello.〔(''Jefferson's Blood'' ), PBS ''Frontline,'' 2000. Section: "Is It True?" Quote: "()he new scientific evidence has been correlated with the existing documentary record, and a consensus of historians and other experts who have examined the issue agree that the question has largely been answered: Thomas Jefferson fathered at least one of Sally Hemings's children, and quite probably all six.", accessed 26 September 2014〕〔(''Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: Paradox of Liberty'' ), Exhibit 27 January – 14 October 2012, Smithsonian Institution, accessed 15 March 2012〕 Critics maintained that the DNA and other evidence only shows that a Jefferson family member, but not nessarily Thomas, was the father. However, after a 1994 DNA test of the Hemings children and a further investigation into the other possible fathers (Thomas Jefferson's brother as well as his nephews Samuel and Peter Carr, none of whom were ever at Monticello at the time of conception of any of Sally Hemings' children) it was proven with 99.9% certainty that Jefferson did indeed father all of Hemings children. Jefferson allowed two of Sally Hemings's surviving four children to "escape": the other two he freed through his will after his death. This allowance of the Hemings children to "escape", further supports that Jefferson was indeed the father, for there are records of other escaped slaves that Jefferson had sent out descriptions of to the newspapers in order to have them returned to Monticello, for to lose the slaves would have been a loss of money for Jefferson. Thus, it is considered very peculiar that Jefferson would simply have allowed two slaves to escape and not seek their return, especially because during this time Jefferson was in need of money. The Sally Hemings children were the only family to gain freedom from Monticello.〔 In 1824 Jefferson proposed a national plan to end slavery by the federal government purchasing African-American slave children for twelve dollars and fifty cents, raising and training them in occupations of freemen, and sending them to the country of Santo Domingo. In his will, Jefferson freed three other male slaves, all older men who had worked for him for decades. After his death, his daughter Martha Randolph gave Sally Hemings and Wormley Hughes "their time," an informal freedom.〔(''Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello:'' "After Monticello" ), Smithsonian NMAAHC/Monticello, January – October 2012, accessed 5 April 2012〕 In 1827 the remaining 130 slaves at Monticello were sold to pay the debts of Jefferson's estate.〔Herbert E. Sloan, ''Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt'' (2001) pp. 14–26, 220–21.〕〔Paul Finkelman, ''Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson,'' 978-0765604392〕 ==Early years (1743–1774)== Thomas Jefferson was born into the planter class of a "slave society," as defined by the historian Ira Berlin, in which slavery was the main means of labor production and elite slaveholders were the ruling class.〔 He was the son of Peter Jefferson, a prominent slaveholder and land speculator in Virginia, and Jane Randolph, granddaughter of English and Scots gentry.〔Thomas Jefferson, edited by David Waldstreicher, ''Notes on the State of Virginia,'' pp. 214, 2002〕 Peter Jefferson died suddenly in 1757, leaving the fourteen-year-old Thomas a large estate. When Jefferson turned 21, he inherited of land, 52 slaves, livestock, his father's notable library, and a gristmill.〔Malone, ''TJ'', 1:114, 437–39〕〔McLoughlin, ''Jefferson and Monticello,'' 34.〕 In 1768, Thomas Jefferson began to use his slaves to construct a neoclassical mansion known as Monticello, which overlooked the hamlet of his former home in Shadwell.〔 Both were in Albemarle County in the Piedmont area. Starting in 1769, Jefferson served in the Virginia House of Burgesses for six years. He proposed laws that severely restricted free blacks from entering or living in Virginia: he would have banished children whose fathers were of African origin and exiled any white woman who had a child with a black man. Jefferson suggested that any free black found in violation of the laws would be in jeopardy of the lynch mob. According to the historian John Ferling, the Burgesses did not pass the laws "because they were excessively restrictive even for Jefferson's times."〔Ferling (2000), ''Setting the World Ablaze'', p. 162〕 As an attorney, Jefferson represented people of color as well as whites. In 1770, he defended a young mulatto male slave in a freedom suit, on the grounds that his mother was white and freeborn. By the colony's law of ''partus sequitur ventrum'', that the child took the status of the mother, the man should never have been enslaved. He lost the suit.〔Halliday (2001), ''Understanding Thomas Jefferson'', pp. 141–142〕 In 1772, Jefferson represented George Manly, the son of a free woman of color, who sued for freedom after having been held as an indentured servant three years past the expiration of his term. (The Virginia colony at the time bound illegitimate mixed-race children of free women as indentured servants: until age 31 for males, with a shorter term for females.)〔("Indentured Servants" ), Monticello, accessed 25 March 2011〕 Once freed, Manly worked for Jefferson at Monticello for wages.〔 In 1773, the year after Jefferson married the young widow Martha Wayles Skelton, her father died. She and Jefferson inherited his estate, including 11,000 acres, 135 slaves, and £4,000 of debt. With this inheritance, Jefferson became deeply involved with interracial families and financial burden. As a widower, his father-in-law John Wayles had taken his mulatto slave Betty Hemings as a concubine and had six children with her during his last 12 years.〔("John Wayles" ), ''Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia'', Monticello, accessed 10 March 2011. Sources cited on page: Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," ''Pike County Republican'', March 13, 1873. Letter of December 20, 1802 from Thomas Gibbons, a Federalist planter of Georgia, to Jonathan Dayton, states that Sally Hemings "is half sister to his () first wife."〕 The Wayles-Hemings children were three-quarters English and one-quarter African in ancestry; they were half-siblings to Martha Wayles Jefferson and her sister. Betty Hemings and her 10 mixed-race children (as she had four children before being with Wayles), were among the slaves who were moved to Monticello. Betty's youngest child, Sally Hemings, was an infant in 1773. The Betty Hemings descendants were trained and assigned to domestic service and highly skilled artisan positions at Monticello; none worked in the fields. Over the years, some served Jefferson directly for decades as personal valets and butlers. Jefferson became the second largest slaveholder in Albermarle County with these additional slaves. In addition, he held a total of nearly 16,000 acres of land in Virginia. He sold some slaves to pay off the debt of Wayles' estate.〔 From this time on, Jefferson took on the duties of owning and supervising his large chattel estate, primarily at Monticello, although he also developed other plantations in the colony. Slavery supported the life of the planter class in Virginia.〔Halliday (2001), ''Understanding Thomas Jefferson'', p. 143〕 The number of slaves then at Monticello fluctuated from under to over 200. In collaboration with Monticello, now the major public history site on Jefferson, the Smithsonian opened an exhibit, ''Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty,'' (January – October 2012) at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. It covered Jefferson as a slaveholder and the roughly 600 slaves who lived at Monticello over the decades, with a focus on six slave families and their descendants. It was the first national exhibit on the Mall to address these issues. In February 2012, Monticello opened a related new outdoor exhibition, ''Landscape of Slavery: Mulberry Row at Monticello,'' which "brings to life the stories of the scores of people—enslaved and free—who lived and worked on Jefferson's 5,000 acre plantation." (On the Internet at http://www.slaveryatmonticello.org/mulberry-row ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thomas Jefferson and slavery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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